研究发现：熟不一定能生巧（双语）

　　加拿大作家马尔科姆·格拉德威尔曾提出过著名的“一万小时定律”，他认为只要付出持续不断的努力，任何人都能成为专家。就像俗话说的那样，熟能生巧。但是最近的一项研究却公然挑战这一定律，指出投入的练习时间多不一定就能达到比别人更好的技能状态。

　　With blatant disregard for the public benefits of motivational idioms, researchers have concluded that practice does not, necessarily, make perfect.

　　近日，一些研究人员公然无视熟能生巧的普世道理，得出结论说：熟不一定能生巧。

　　A study of violinists found that merely good players practised as much as, if not more than, better players, leaving other factors such as quality of tuition, learning skills and perhaps natural talent to account for the difference.

　　一项对小提琴演奏者的研究发现，如果不考虑教学质量、学习技巧和天分等因素的差异，水平过得去的演奏者和杰出的演奏者练习的时间一样多，甚至可能更多。

　　The work is the latest blow to the 10,000-hour rule, the idea promoted in Malcolm Gladwell’s 2008 book, Outliers, which has been taken to mean that enough practice will make an expert of anyone. In the book, Gladwell states that “ten thousand hours is the magic number of greatness”.

　　这一研究结果是对“一万小时定律”的最新挑战。马尔科姆·格拉德威尔在2008年著作《异类》中提出了这一定律，他的观点是只要练习得足够多，任何人都可以成为专家。在书中，格拉德威尔指出，“一万个小时是铸就伟大成就的神奇数字”。

　　"The idea has become really entrenched in our culture, but it’s an oversimplification,” said Brooke Macnamara, a psychologist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. “When it comes to human skill, a complex combination of environmental factors, genetic factors and their interactions explains the performance differences across people.”

　　美国俄亥俄州克利夫兰凯斯西储大学的心理学家布鲁克·麦克纳马拉说：“熟能生巧的观点已经深深植根于我们的文化，但是这种观点过于简单化了。在人类技巧方面，要综合考虑环境、基因及其相互作用来解释人与人之间的表现差异。”

　　entrenched[ɪn'tren(t)ʃt]: adj. 根深蒂固的;确立的，不容易改的

　　The seed for the 10,000-hour rule was a 1993 study of violinists and pianists which found that accumulated practice time rose with musical prowess. On average, top-ranked violinists had clocked up 10,000 hours of practice by the age of 20, though many had actually put in fewer hours. In the study, the authors rejected an important role for natural talent and argued that differences in ability, even among top musicians, were largely down to how much they practised. Gladwell seized on the round number to explain the success of notables from Bill Gates to the Beatles.

　　“一万小时定律”的依据来自1993年对小提琴和钢琴演奏者的一项研究，这项研究发现，累积的练习时间越长，音乐技能越高超。平均来看，一流的小提琴家在20岁前的练习时间达到了1万个小时，但也有许多小提琴家的实际练习时间不足1万个小时。该研究的作者否定了天分的重要作用，指出即使是在顶级音乐家当中，能力差异在很大程度上取决于他们的练习量。格拉德威尔用这项研究提到的一万小时解释了比尔·盖茨、甲壳虫乐队等名人的成功。

　　prowess['praʊəs]: n. 超凡技术

　　clock up: 达到