❶Tag questions
使用很多反义疑问句
“This election mess is terrible, isn’t it?”
“这届选举乱套了,是吧?”
❷ Rising intonation on declaratives
陈述句也用升调结尾
A: “When will dinner be ready?”
“晚饭什么时候好啊?”
B:“Six o’clock.”↑
“六点。”↑
❸ The use of various kinds of hedges.
用插入成分避免过分直接的表达
“That’s kinda sad.” Vs. “That’s sad.”
“是有点可怜”Vs.“可怜”
“It’s probably dinner time.” Vs. “It’s dinner time.”
“或许该吃饭了吧”Vs.“该吃饭了”
“I don’t really want it.” Vs. “I don’t want it.”
“我不太想这么做”Vs.“我不想这么做”
“I wondered if I could have a word with you.” Vs. “Can I have a word with you?”
“我在想是否可以借一步说话”Vs.“我能跟你聊聊吗”
“The answer could be that the trees have some sort of disease.” Vs. “The answer is that...”
“答案可能是这些树得了某种病”Vs.“答案是……”
❹ Boosters or amplifiers.
加重语气,放大情感
“I am so glad you are here.”
“你在这儿,我太高兴了。”
❺ Indirection.
迂回表述
Saying “Well, I’ve got a dentist appointment then” in order to convey a reluctance to meet at some proposed time and perhaps to request that the other person propose an alternative time.
比如,为了表达不情愿与某人在约定时间见面,或者希望对方另找一个时间,会说 “呃……那个点我约了去见牙医。”
❻Diminutives
使用小词或小词缀
A diminutive form of a word implies that something is small, cute, loved, or special. E.g. panties, piglet, kitchenette, etc.
人们使用小词或小词缀来表示该事物体积很小、很可爱,或者很特别。例如panties(女士短衬裤)、piglet(小猪猪、猪崽儿)、kitchenette(小厨房)等。
❼ Euphemism
使用委婉语
Avoiding profanities by using expressions like piffle, or heck; using circumlocutions like go to the bathroom to avoid “vulgar” or tabooed expressions such as pee or piss.
为避免脏话,会说piffle(废话、蠢话) 或者heck(见鬼)。为了避免“粗俗”或者忌讳的表达,如pee(撒尿) 或者piss(尿尿),会用委婉的表达,如“去卫生间”。
不过,许多跟进研究发现,改变说话方式——说话时去掉上面这些展示迂回和礼貌的语言特征并不会帮助到女性争取到assertiveness(说话自信)和the sense of power(权力感)。
上世纪60到80年代,拉博夫等人也对这个领域进行了研究,他们发现:
In Western, industrial societies, women tend to produce speech closer to the standard in pronunciation than that of men. For instance, women produce more ‘ing’ in words like ‘running’, but men produce more ‘in’, resulting in ‘runnin’.
在西方工业社会,女性的发音会比男性更靠近社会标准语的要求。比方说,像是“running”这样的词,女性多以‘ing’来结尾(running),而很多男性会发成“in” (runnin)。
当然,这些研究最长距今已经过去了50多年,今时今日的状况与当年的研究结果或许已经出现了很大的出入。
男性语言的特征
视线转过来,男性的语言有什么显著特征呢?
英国社会语言学家Jennifer Coates在她的专著Men Talk–Stories in the Making of Masculinities中谈到了自己对男性使用语言表达情感情绪的观察。
The absence of talk about feelings is perhaps the most notable consequence of “the constraining hand of hegemonic masculinity” in the conversations I’ve collected. The imperative to avoid vulnerability means that men have to put a lot of effort into keeping up a front (or wearing a mask).
在我收集的对话中,不谈论情感或情绪或许是“霸权男性气概掣肘”最显著的后果。必须隐藏脆弱意味着男人们需要花很多精力树立一个门面形象(或者说戴上一个面具)。
看到这儿,脑海里应该很容易浮现出不善言谈的直男老爸形象。
最近一项针对伦敦校园男生的调查显示,仅包括两个谈话者的对话十分重要。男孩们很愿意对友好的男性访谈者袒露心扉。
As the researchers say: “Boys struggle to find a forum in which they can try out masculine identities which can be differentiated from the ‘hegemonic’ codes of macho masculinity.” Both boys and men seem more likely to do this in the presence of just one close friend (or a single trusted adult).
研究者称:“男生们努力寻找一种公共话语空间,让他们可以试着表达与那种大男子气的‘霸权’男性气概不相同的男性身份认同。”男孩与成年男性貌似都更容易在只有一个亲密朋友或者自己信任的成人在场的情况下吐露心声。
社会性别并不是与生俱来的,也并不是你所拥有的一种东西,而是你的所作所为,是你的执行与呈现。
社会性别的内涵一直在变迁,它们与语言之间的关系也同样随时间改变。
我们很难预料,现在某个性别的言语特征以后会不会成为主流,就像200年前喜欢卷舌的英国人应该也没想到,不卷舌的RP(Received Pronunciation,标准发音)成了不列颠群岛的标准音。
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